Ndife oyamba mubokosi lanu la makalata, ndikupereka nkhani zofunika kwambiri pakampani kukupangitsani kukhala anzeru komanso sitepe imodzi patsogolo pamsika wamsika komanso wopikisanawu.
Ndife oyamba mubokosi lanu la makalata, ndikupereka nkhani zofunika kwambiri pakampani kukupangitsani kukhala anzeru komanso sitepe imodzi patsogolo pamsika wamsika komanso wopikisanawu.
Pafupifupi 40% yamapaipi azipangizo zamagetsi ndi mapaipi othandizira pansi. Kusankha njira yolumikizira yolondola kumatha kuthandizira kukhathamiritsa ndikukhala ndi zazikulu
zimakhudza phindu pazachuma cha ntchitoyi.
Makampani opanga magetsi ku United States akupita patsogolo kwambiri, ndipo makampani omwe amapanga ndikuwongolera malo opangira magetsi akusintha. Chiwerengero cha malo opangira magetsi gasi chikuchulukirachulukira, ndipo kuchuluka kwa malo opangira magetsi mdziko muno kukukulira. Zowonjezera zamagetsi monga mphepo, dzuwa ndi madzi amagetsi akugwiritsa ntchito gasi wachilengedwe ngati mafuta.
Masiku ano, mitengo yotsika yazopangira yapanga dongosolo momwe mafuta angapo amafanana, ndipo magwero amagetsi omwe amagwiritsidwanso ntchito akutchuka pang'onopang'ono. Zotsatira zoonekeratu zakusintha kwa gasi wachilengedwe ndi mphamvu zowonjezerekanso ndikuti United States ili ndi malo ochepa opangira magetsi amakala kuposa kale. Zaka zingapo zapitazo, malasha anali ndi mphamvu pafupifupi 75% yamaofesi. Masiku ano, zosakwana 35% zamagetsi zimagwiritsa ntchito malasha.
Zomangamanga pakupanga magetsi zasinthanso, ndipo zosinthazi zakhudza kukhazikitsidwa kwa mibadwo yatsopano ndikukonzanso. Zaka khumi zapitazo, mapangano a mainjiniya, zogula ndi zomangamanga (EPC) adangowonekera pamakampani opanga magetsi. Masiku ano, mapangano a EPC ndiofala kwambiri, ndipo makampani ochulukirachulukirachulutsa amapereka mitengo yamtengo wapatali ya EPC m'malo ampikisano.
Kupeza njira zochepetsera nthawi yogwirira ntchito ndikuchulukitsa zomangamanga ndi gawo lazinthu zachilendozi. EPC ikupanga makina osinthira omwe "amatha kudula ndikunama" mtsogolo kuti apereke mayankho abwino. Kukhazikitsa bwino kwa njirazi kunadzetsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa ndandanda wa projekiti, zomwe zidasinthiratu ziyembekezo za eni chuma. Lero, ndizotheka kumaliza makina opangira magetsi m'zaka ziwiri ndi theka, poyerekeza ndi zaka zisanu zapitazo zaka zingapo zapitazo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti fakitoleyo imatha kupanga magetsi ndikupanga ndalama mu theka la nthawiyo.
Kuchokera pamalingaliro a eni, lingaliro lakulandila ma projekiti kutengera kuti ndi kampani iti yomwe ingamange fakitole mwachangu kwambiri komanso yabwino kwambiri, potero imasintha mwachangu kupanga ndikupanga ndalama. Kwa makampani azomanga, izi zimawonjezera mitengo ndipo zimapatsa mwayi mwayi wopikisana nawo pamakampani omwe angathe kukwaniritsa mapulani achangu.
Ngakhale zosintha zambiri zachitika pakampani yopanga magetsi, zinthu zina zofunika kwambiri sizinasinthe. Kwa makampani omanga, anthu nthawi zonse amayembekeza kuti apereka chitetezo, kuchita bwino, kudalirika komanso mtundu wabwino. Ngakhale ntchitoyi ikukumana ndi zovuta zotani, eni ake akuyembekeza kuti kampani yomanga ipeza zotsatira munthawi yake komanso pa bajeti popanda kuphwanya chilichonse mwazofunikira.
Eni zamagetsi akupanga zisankho pazama projekiti atsopano komanso opanganso ndalama, ndipo magetsi ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito gasi ngati mafuta. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wochokera ku US Energy Information Administration, yomwe idatolera zambiri kuchokera ku mafakitale amagetsi aku US, mtengo wapakatikati womanga magetsi achilengedwe mu 2017 anali pafupifupi US $ 920 / kW. Izi ndizokwera pang'ono kuposa mtengo wopangira chomera chamagetsi choyendetsedwa ndi zakumwa za petroleum, koma zotsika mtengo kwambiri kuposa kupanga fakitale yoyendetsedwa ndi mphamvu zowonjezeredwa.
Kulumikiza kwapayipi kumtunda ndikofanana ndi kuwotcherera. Aliyense amene adachitapo nawo ntchito kuphatikiza kuwotcherera amadziwa kuti kuwotcherera kumabweretsa zovuta. Chilolezo chogwira ntchito yotentha chiyenera kupezeka musanayambe ntchito, ndipo kuwotcherera kumafuna ogwira ntchito aluso, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala osavuta kupeza, makamaka pamsika wantchito masiku ano. Kuphatikiza apo, popeza kuwotcherera kumadalira nyengo, zovuta zimachedwetsa kupita patsogolo. M'mikhalidwe youma ndi mphepo, kuwotcherera nthawi zambiri kumafunikira kuwunikira moto, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ogwira ntchito owonjezera ayenera kutumizidwa pamalowo ndipo atha kuvulaza.
M'malo molimbikira kugwira ntchito yomwe imagwiridwa pafupipafupi, zingakhale bwino kutambasula maunawo ndikuganiza zogwiritsa ntchito zolumikizira m'malo mwa kuwotcherera. Pamagetsi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'madzi apampopi, madzi ozizira, makina amlengalenga, glycol ndi nayitrogeni, mapaipiwa amatha kuwerengera 30% mpaka 40% yazipangizo za ntchitoyi, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zolumikizira zolumikizira (Chithunzi 1) atha kukhala Yambitsani ndalama.
1. Malo olumikizidwa bwino amatha kusunga ndalama zambiri ndikukonzanso mapaipi apansi panthaka. Mwachilolezo: Victaulic
Makina ophatikizika omwe ali ndi maula amadziwika bwino kwa makampani ambiri a EPC ndi makampani omanga. Kwa zaka zapitazi, anthu ambiri agwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo uwu poteteza moto, kutentha, mpweya wabwino komanso makina opangira mpweya (HVAC). Makontrakitala amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito ma coupling kuti awonjezere kuthamanga komanso kudalirika, ndikusintha chitetezo. Kukhazikitsa kophatikizanako sikutanthauza kugwiritsa ntchito kutentha kapena ntchito zopsereza, chifukwa chake wowonjezerayo sadzakumana ndi utsi kapena lawi, ndipo palibe chifukwa chothanirana ndi thanki lamadzi, tochi kapena lead mukamakonza.
Ogwira ntchito ndi gawo lofunikira pantchito iliyonse yomanga, ndipo aliyense wogwira ntchito zomangamanga akuyenera kuthana ndi kuchepa kwa akatswiri aluso. Ku North America, kupeza anthu oyenera omwe ali ndi maluso ofunikira kwakhala kovuta, komanso kusowa kwa ogwira ntchito kumakhudza dongosolo la ntchitoyi.
Masiku ano, kusowa kwa ogwira ntchito ku North America ndikowopsa kuposa kale, ndipo palibe yankho lavutoli. Chowonadi ndichakuti ngati ntchito ilibe ntchito pazinthu zofunikira monga kuwotcherera, ntchitoyo idzakhala yayikulu.
Kugwiritsa ntchito ma coupling makina ndi njira yatsopano komanso yotsika mtengo. Poyerekeza ndi kuwotcherera, lusoli lili ndi maubwino chifukwa silifuna kutentha kwa mafuta, zilolezo zoyaka, palibe wotchi yamoto ndi ma X-ray, ndipo mawonekedwe osavuta a chida cholumikizira amatha kukhazikitsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zida zamanja.
Mu ntchito yaposachedwa, zida zopitilira 120 zidaphunzitsidwa kuyika zimfundo zopindika mkati mwa mphindi zosakwana 20. Gulu loyendetsa chitoliroli limatha kugwira ntchito yonse mwachangu popanda ngozi. Pafupifupi, ngakhale kwa oyamba kumene, kukhazikitsa makina opanga slotting ndi 50% mpaka 60% mwachangu kuposa kuwotcherera (Chithunzi 2).
2. Poyerekeza ndi kuwotcherera, nthawi yakukhazikitsa yolumikizira yolumikizana ndiyachangu komanso yolondola. Mwachilolezo: Victaulic
Ubwino wina wogwiritsa ntchito makina olumikizira makina ndikuti dongosololi limakonzedweratu, lomwe limangopereka kusasinthasintha kwa malonda, komanso limapulumutsa nthawi chifukwa spool imatha kukhazikitsidwa pamalo omangira. Poyerekeza ndi msonkhano wapamalo, kukonzekera kumatha kusunga zokolola zambiri ndikuthandizira chitetezo.
Kukhazikitsa bwino ndikofunikira pazinthu zamagetsi, chomwe ndi chimodzi mwazifukwa zomwe kuwonetsetsa kuti maphunziro ndi oyenerera a welders ndikofunikira. Zimakhala zovuta kusiyanitsa mtundu wa ma welds omalizidwa powonera, ndipo ngakhale mayeso kapena ma X-ray sangathe kuzindikira ma welds ofooka nthawi zonse. Kuwotcherera molakwika kumatha kukhalaokwera mtengo kwambiri, zomwe zimabweretsa kuwonongeka kwakuthupi komanso kwachuma pakapita nthawi.
Maonekedwe ophatikizira amakanika amatha kuyang'aniridwa, kupeputsa kuyendetsa bwino ndikuwathandiza oyambitsa kukhala ndi maluso oyeserera kuti cholumikizira chilichonse chayikidwa moyenera. Izi zimathetsa zolemba zina zowongolera zoyeserera, kuphatikiza X-ray ndi / kapena kuyezetsa utoto wolowera.
Mawotchi amakono amakhalanso osavuta kusunga. Pachikhalidwe, kukonza zolumikizira zolumikizira kumawononga nthawi komanso mtengo. Komabe, kulowetsa m'malo olumikizidwa ndi makina ndizosavuta monga kuyiyika, ndipo popeza pafupifupi aliyense wogwira ntchito pamalo opangira magetsi amatha kuphunzitsidwa kuyisintha m'malo mwa mphindi zochepa, ndalama zazikulu zitha kupezeka pakapita nthawi (Chithunzi 3). Poganizira kuti chomera chamagetsi cha 1,000 MW chitha kupanga $ 1 miliyoni patsiku, kuchepetsa nthawi yomwe magetsi sangapezeke kunja kapena kuthekera kwathunthu kumatha kubweretsa phindu lalikulu.
3. Poyerekeza ndi njira zowotcherera, kugwiritsa ntchito njira za Victaulic kungapangitse kuti ogwira ntchito azigwira bwino ntchito. Mwachilolezo: Victaulic
Makina ophatikizika amagetsi akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwazaka zambiri pamagetsi ambiri opangira magetsi m'malo opangira magetsi ambiri. Njira imeneyi yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zaka zoposa 100 ndipo ili ndi mbiri yodalirika.
Pakatseka nthawi yayitali chomera chamagetsi chamagetsi ku New Jersey, makina othamangitsira makina adalola kukhazikitsa njira zoziziritsa madzi komanso zoteteza moto munthawi yovuta kwambiri. Mufakitole ku Pennsylvania, zolumikizira zamakina ogwiritsidwa ntchito zidagwiritsidwa ntchito kupondereza mizere ya mpweya ndi zingwe zamagetsi zonyamula kuti zikwaniritse nthawi yomanga; momwemonso, fakitole ku Arkansas idagwiritsa ntchito mpweya wamagetsi, wopanikizika ndi mpweya pachifukwa chomwecho. Njira imeneyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mlengalenga, m'madzi osanjidwa komanso m'mizere yamadzi yozizira. Pakusintha kwa makina opanga magetsi ku Alaska, ntchito yotentha kwambiri siyiloledwa pamalopo ndipo anthu aluso akusowa. Njirayi imagwiritsa ntchito njira yolumikizira chitoliro chosinthira kuti ipititse patsogolo njira yowonjezerapo madzi amagetsi opangira nthunzi, potero imapereka yankho Sikuti imangokwaniritsa chofunikira cha kusagwira ntchito zotentha kwambiri, komanso imasungira ndalama zambiri pantchito ndi nthawi.
Monga magawo ena ambiri, gawo lazomangamanga lilinso pampanipani wowonjezera kuchita bwino ndikusunga ndalama. Izi zimapangitsa zofuna za eni, EPC komanso kontrakitala. Tsopano kuposa kale lonse, pakufunika kuwunika ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira zatsopano kuti mugwire bwino ntchito za bajeti kapena zopanda bajeti.
Msika ukakhala wochepa komanso wosakhazikika, kupereka mayankho odalirika kumakhala kofunikira kwambiri. Ngakhale zingawoneke zopanda pake kutenga njira ina m'malo ovutawa, kwenikweni, pankhaniyi, mayankho achikhalidwe atha kukhala chopinga chachikulu. Palibe nthawi yabwinoko kuposa pano yoganizira za kugwiritsa ntchito makina a Victaulic a mapaipi olowa kunja kwa chimango. ■
-Dan Christian ndi katswiri wamagetsi a Victaulic waukadaulo wamafuta ndi mafuta ndipo ndi wamkulu wamsika wapadziko lonse lapansi, pomwe Chris Iasielo, PE ndi katswiri wazopanga magetsi ku Victaulic.
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Post nthawi: Sep-02-2020